One punctuation mark that often perplexes writers is the colon. To demystify its usage and provide clarity to writers of all levels, Merriam-Webster has compiled a comprehensive guide on when and how to use the colon effectively.

What to Know

Colons (:) introduce clauses or phrases that serve to describe, amplify, or restate what precedes them. Often they are used to introduce a quote or a list that satisfies the previous statement. For example, this summary could be written as “Colons can introduce many things: descriptors, quotes, lists, and more.”

What Is a Colon?

We all know the colon, right? It’s a punctuation mark that looks like two dots stacked, like a period with another period hovering above it :

It’s typically a mark of introduction, used to let the reader know that what follows the colon has been pointed to or described by what precedes the colon. (This is quite a different function from that of the semicolon, which is mostly used to separate two independent sentence parts that are related in meaning.)

In the running prose that we encounter in books, magazines, articles, and the like, colons are mostly used to introduce a clause or a phrase that explains, illustrates, amplifies, or restates what precedes them. (Reminder: clauses and phrases are both groups of words within a sentence; the basic difference between them is that a clause has its own subject and verb, while a phrase does not.)

Colons Introduce Clauses and Phrases

Let’s first look at some colons introducing clauses and phrases that explain, illustrate, amplify, and restate what’s come before:

Harry the Dog and Mabel the Cat were having an impassioned argument about umbrellas: are umbrellas properly to be used only for rain?

In this example, what comes after the colon explains just what the argument referred to in the first part of the sentence is all about. Note that what follows the colon is not capitalized, but it could be. As a clause—it has its own subject and verb and could in fact function alone as its own sentence, albeit a sentence of the question variety—it certainly looks like something that can start with a capital letter, but whether it does or not is simply a matter of style. (Note that in British English the style is typically to go lowercase. Lowercase also happens to be Merriam-Webster’s style.) Be consistent: capitalize the first letter in every clause that follows a colon, or always use lowercase.

Mabel the Cat was adamant that Harry recognize the usefulness of umbrellas for all wet weather: as protection against rain, sleet, and snow.

Here, the phrase following the colon illustrates what comes before it. Being a phrase and all, there is no capital letter. (There of course would be a capital letter if the first word of the phrase were a proper noun or acronym.)

“But why limit it, then, to wet weather?” Harry wanted to know. “Sun too beats down: is not an umbrella also appropriate protection against sun?”

Harry’s clause, which would begin with a capital “I” if that were our style, amplifies what precedes it.

Mabel was having none of it: she remained unmoved.

Here, the clause following the colon restates what precedes it.

A colon can also introduce something that acts as an appositive. (Reminder: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that refers to the same thing as another noun or noun phrase in the same sentence, and is usually right next to that other noun or noun phrase, like in “my neighbor the doctor.” The two nouns/noun phrases—in this case “my neighbor” and “the doctor”—are said to stand “in grammatical apposition,” which means that they have the same syntactical relation to the rest of the sentence.) The appositive that follows the colon can be an amplifying word, phrase, or clause:

“Harry,” said Mabel, “umbrellas are about one thing: dry fur.”

The noun phrase “dry fur” is in apposition to the “one thing” noun phrase on the other side of the colon.

“But Mabel,” Harry pressed, “isn’t the crux of it all in truth this: an umbrella is a collapsible shield for protection against weather generally?”

The clause following the colon is in apposition to “this” (which is a pronoun referring to “the crux of it all,” if we’re going to get technical about it).

“Oh Harry,” replied Mabel, “a similar object that protects against sun has another name altogether: parasol.”

The word “parasol” is in apposition to the noun phrase “another name altogether.”

How NOT to Use Colons

We note in this aside that a colon is not used to separate a subject from its predicate; a noun from its verb; a verb from its object or complement; or a preposition from its object:

avoid – The sheer size of Mabel’s umbrella collection: is stunning.

avoid – Harry’s favorite umbrella: broke.

avoid – The umbrella’s opening mechanism was: hopelessly jammed.

avoid – Mabel presented Harry with a choice umbrella of: her own.

Colons Can Introduce Lists and Series

And then there is the colon that introduces a list or series. What follows the colon is typically a word or phrase, so capitals are not be expected unless there’s a proper noun or acronym:

Harry was not about to abandon his position. If Mabel was going to insist that umbrellas be conceived as appropriate for more than rain, then he was going to insist that they be deemed appropriate in all weather conditions: rain, sleet, snow, hail, and sun.

The list or series can also be composed of phrases:

Mabel’s reply was emphatic. “You may be eternally encumbered by an umbrella then, Harry, but I will bear the following: an umbrella for wet weather, a parasol for hot sun, and a beret whenever I feel like it.”

The list or series can also come before a summary statement:

Harry’s rejoinder was equally emphatic. “Rain, sleet, snow, hail, sun: an umbrella will work for me, Mabel.”

Colons Can Introduce Quotations

Colons are also commonly used in prose to introduce quotations. When the quoted material is lengthy, it’s usually set off from the rest of the text by indentation but not by quotation marks:

Mabel was suddenly inspired to recite a bit of Lewis Carroll—specifically an excerpt from his 1871 Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There:

All this time Tweedledee was trying his best to fold up the umbrella, with himself in it…. But he couldn’t quite succeed, and it ended in his rolling over, bundled up in the umbrella, with only his head out: and there he lay, opening and shutting his mouth and his large eyes—’looking more like a fish than anything else,’ Alice thought.

A colon can also be used before a quotation in running text, especially when the quotation is lengthy; or when it is a formal statement or a statement being given special emphasis; or when a full independent clause precedes the colon. Here’s an example of the first kind:

“You know, Mabel,” mused Harry, “while an avalanche perhaps does not quite qualify as ‘weather,’ an umbrella can also be used as protection against it. According to Mark Twain, anyway: ‘We might have made the summit before night, but for a delay caused by the loss of an umbrella. I was allowing the umbrella to remain lost, but the men murmured, and with reason, for in this exposed region we stood in peculiar need of protection against avalanches; so I went into camp and detached a strong party to go after the missing article.’ That’s from A Tramp Abroad.”

And here’s an example with a formal statement, or statement given special emphasis:

“I’ll remind you, Harry,” stated Mabel somewhat imperiously, “that this same text poses the absurd rhetorical question: ‘… what is an umbrella but a parachute?'”

And here’s an example in which a full independent clause precedes the colon:

Harry, nonplussed, lunged toward a non sequitur. “I recently learned,” he averred, “that the word ‘umbrella’ appears 26 times in James Joyce’s Ulysses, and that three of those appearances occur in a single sentence: ‘She disliked umbrella with rain, he liked woman with umbrella, she disliked new hat with rain, he liked woman with new hat, he bought new hat with rain, she carried umbrella with new hat.'”

Mabel’s response is unknown, which is just as well: the fact is that we’ve got nothing more to say about colon use in prose.

This post from one of our favorite blogs, Grammarphobia, explores the origin of the idiom “swear like a sailor” and explains how sailors (and troopers) garnered a distinctive reputation for using salty language. Did you know the origin of this expression?

Q: Why do we say someone who cusses a lot “swears (or curses) like a sailor (or trooper, soldier, marine)”? Do people in the military cuss more than others? Is it simply a question of quantity or is something else at work?

A: Yes, many of the “swear like a …” and “curse like a …” usages refer to a sailor, trooper, soldier, or marine, but not all of them. We’ve seen versions of the expression applied to a docker, drunken monk, fishwife, mule-skinner, pirate, porter, preacher’s son, stevedore, termagant, and more.

The two most common versions are “swear like a sailor” and “swear like a trooper,” according to a search with Google’s Ngram Viewer, which compares the use of words and phrases in digitized books. (The “soldier” usage barely registers and the “marine” one doesn’t register at all in the books searched, though they appear in old newspaper databases.)

Why are the “trooper” and “sailor” variants so common? Probably because troopers and sailors had reputations for boorish language and behavior when the two phrases showed up (the “trooper” one in the 18th century and the “sailor” in the 19th).

As Christine Ammer explains in The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, “The troopers in this term were the cavalry, who were singled out for their foul language from the early 1700s on.”

The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, edited by Elizabeth Knowles, says, “A trooper was originally (mid 17th century) a private soldier in a cavalry unit, and from the mid 18th century was proverbial for coarse behaviour and bad language.”

In fact, many soldiers still speak an expletive-ridden language that the author Tom Wolfe referred to as “Army Creole.” In The Right Stuff, his 1979 book about the test pilots and astronauts of the space program, he cites this conversation as an example of Army Creole:

“I tol’im iffie tried to fuck me over, I was gonna kick’is fuckin’ ass, iddnat right?”

“Fuckin’ A.”

“Soey kep’on fuckin’ me over and I kicked ’is fuckin’ ass in fo’im, iddnat right?”

“Fuckin’ A.”

“An’ so now they tellin’ me they gon’ th’ow my fuckin’ ass inna fuckin’ stoc-kade! You know what? They some kinda fuckin’ me over!”

“Fuckin’ A well tol’, Bubba.”

Sailors on civilian or military vessels have had a similar reputation, according to the historian Paul A. Gilje.

In his 2016 book Swear Like a Sailor: Maritime Culture in America, 1750 to 1850, he cites 18th-century reports of the “wicked conversation,” “carnal songs,” “ill language,” and “profane language” of sailors, especially their rampant use of the expression “damn son of a bitch.”

“Others might curse and swear, but the liberty of the waterfront enjoyed by sailors and their own maritime culture gave the phrase ‘to swear like a sailor’ a resonance that rebounded throughout society,” Gilje writes. “Other members of the working class understood that going to sea offered a special license to resort to bad language.”

The earliest written example of the expression we’ve seen is from a religious treatise that uses the “trooper” version in describing one of the Apostles:

“Peter seems to have been the boldest. He cou’d curse and swear like a Trooper. And his denying Jesus thrice, shows that he was capable of any thing” (A Conference Upon the Miracles of Our Blessed Saviour, 1730, by William Stevenson).

The Oxford English Dictionary’s earliest example of the “trooper” variant, which we’ve expanded, appeared a decade later: “Bless me! she curses and storms at me like a Trooper, and can hardly keep her Hands off me” (from Samuel Richardson’s 1740 novel Pamela).

As far as we can tell, the “sailor” variant didn’t appear in writing until a century later. The earliest written example we’ve seen is in a book by a traveler who found surprisingly little swearing aboard a ship sailing from New York to Liverpool:

“To swear like a sailor, is a common mode of characterising excessive profanity. And yet I was on board this ship ten days before I heard an oath from one of the crew” (Memoranda of Foreign Travel: Containing Notices of a Pilgrimage Through Some of the Principal States of Western Europe, 1845, by Robert J. Breckinridge). The crew may have watched their language around Breckinridge because he was a Presbyterian minister.

And here’s an example that appeared a dozen years later: “he did swear like a sailor, from mere habit and forgetfulness, for no man not professedly religious had a diviner instinct of reverence and worship than he” (from “Uncle Josh,” a short story by Rose Terry Cooke, Putnam’s Monthly, September 1857).

The only OED citation for the “sailor” variant is from the 20th century: “Della was a pretty little thing. Tough as nails—on the surface. She could—and did—swear like a sailor” (The Rose Petal Murders, 1935, by Charles G. Givens).

We’ll end with a poem, “The Sailor’s Folly,” cited in Swear Like a Sailor. It was written on Feb. 13, 1801, in Charleston, SC, by Simeon Crowell, a reformed seaman who had once prided himself on his cursing and carnal songs.

When first the sailor comes on Board
He dams all hands at every word
He thinks to make himself a man
At Every word he gives a dam

But O how Shameful must it be
To Sin at Such a great Degree
When he is out of Harbour gone
He swears by god from night to morn. 

But when the Heavy gale doth Blow
The Ship is tosled to and froe
He crys for Mercy Mercy Lord
Help me now O help me God

But when the storm is gone and past
He swears again in heavy Blast
And still goes on from Sin to Sin
Now owns the god that Rescued him. 

This post from one of our favorite blogs, Grammarphobia, explores the origin of the idiom “swear like a sailor” and explains how sailors (and troopers) garnered a distinctive reputation for using salty language. Did you know the origin of this expression?

Q: Why do we say someone who cusses a lot “swears (or curses) like a sailor (or trooper, soldier, marine)”? Do people in the military cuss more than others? Is it simply a question of quantity or is something else at work?

A: Yes, many of the “swear like a …” and “curse like a …” usages refer to a sailor, trooper, soldier, or marine, but not all of them. We’ve seen versions of the expression applied to a docker, drunken monk, fishwife, mule-skinner, pirate, porter, preacher’s son, stevedore, termagant, and more.

The two most common versions are “swear like a sailor” and “swear like a trooper,” according to a search with Google’s Ngram Viewer, which compares the use of words and phrases in digitized books. (The “soldier” usage barely registers and the “marine” one doesn’t register at all in the books searched, though they appear in old newspaper databases.)

Why are the “trooper” and “sailor” variants so common? Probably because troopers and sailors had reputations for boorish language and behavior when the two phrases showed up (the “trooper” one in the 18th century and the “sailor” in the 19th).

As Christine Ammer explains in The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, “The troopers in this term were the cavalry, who were singled out for their foul language from the early 1700s on.”

The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, edited by Elizabeth Knowles, says, “A trooper was originally (mid 17th century) a private soldier in a cavalry unit, and from the mid 18th century was proverbial for coarse behaviour and bad language.”

In fact, many soldiers still speak an expletive-ridden language that the author Tom Wolfe referred to as “Army Creole.” In The Right Stuff, his 1979 book about the test pilots and astronauts of the space program, he cites this conversation as an example of Army Creole:

“I tol’im iffie tried to fuck me over, I was gonna kick’is fuckin’ ass, iddnat right?”

“Fuckin’ A.”

“Soey kep’on fuckin’ me over and I kicked ’is fuckin’ ass in fo’im, iddnat right?”

“Fuckin’ A.”

“An’ so now they tellin’ me they gon’ th’ow my fuckin’ ass inna fuckin’ stoc-kade! You know what? They some kinda fuckin’ me over!”

“Fuckin’ A well tol’, Bubba.”

Sailors on civilian or military vessels have had a similar reputation, according to the historian Paul A. Gilje.

In his 2016 book Swear Like a Sailor: Maritime Culture in America, 1750 to 1850, he cites 18th-century reports of the “wicked conversation,” “carnal songs,” “ill language,” and “profane language” of sailors, especially their rampant use of the expression “damn son of a bitch.”

“Others might curse and swear, but the liberty of the waterfront enjoyed by sailors and their own maritime culture gave the phrase ‘to swear like a sailor’ a resonance that rebounded throughout society,” Gilje writes. “Other members of the working class understood that going to sea offered a special license to resort to bad language.”

The earliest written example of the expression we’ve seen is from a religious treatise that uses the “trooper” version in describing one of the Apostles:

“Peter seems to have been the boldest. He cou’d curse and swear like a Trooper. And his denying Jesus thrice, shows that he was capable of any thing” (A Conference Upon the Miracles of Our Blessed Saviour, 1730, by William Stevenson).

The Oxford English Dictionary’s earliest example of the “trooper” variant, which we’ve expanded, appeared a decade later: “Bless me! she curses and storms at me like a Trooper, and can hardly keep her Hands off me” (from Samuel Richardson’s 1740 novel Pamela).

As far as we can tell, the “sailor” variant didn’t appear in writing until a century later. The earliest written example we’ve seen is in a book by a traveler who found surprisingly little swearing aboard a ship sailing from New York to Liverpool:

“To swear like a sailor, is a common mode of characterising excessive profanity. And yet I was on board this ship ten days before I heard an oath from one of the crew” (Memoranda of Foreign Travel: Containing Notices of a Pilgrimage Through Some of the Principal States of Western Europe, 1845, by Robert J. Breckinridge). The crew may have watched their language around Breckinridge because he was a Presbyterian minister.

And here’s an example that appeared a dozen years later: “he did swear like a sailor, from mere habit and forgetfulness, for no man not professedly religious had a diviner instinct of reverence and worship than he” (from “Uncle Josh,” a short story by Rose Terry Cooke, Putnam’s Monthly, September 1857).

The only OED citation for the “sailor” variant is from the 20th century: “Della was a pretty little thing. Tough as nails—on the surface. She could—and did—swear like a sailor” (The Rose Petal Murders, 1935, by Charles G. Givens).

We’ll end with a poem, “The Sailor’s Folly,” cited in Swear Like a Sailor. It was written on Feb. 13, 1801, in Charleston, SC, by Simeon Crowell, a reformed seaman who had once prided himself on his cursing and carnal songs.

When first the sailor comes on Board
He dams all hands at every word
He thinks to make himself a man
At Every word he gives a dam

But O how Shameful must it be
To Sin at Such a great Degree
When he is out of Harbour gone
He swears by god from night to morn. 

But when the Heavy gale doth Blow
The Ship is tosled to and froe
He crys for Mercy Mercy Lord
Help me now O help me God

But when the storm is gone and past
He swears again in heavy Blast
And still goes on from Sin to Sin
Now owns the god that Rescued him. 

This week, Adept was tasked with transcribing, researching and captioning the Oral History of a member of a Quartermaster Graves Registration Company. Even the existence of these units during World War II might be unknown to most, but they fulfilled a crucial, and even humanitarian, role. This article by the WW2 US Medical Research Centre sheds light into how one of the units came to be, its history, and its participation in the war. The WW2 US Medical Research Centre’s project represents a unique perspective and compilation of different aspects of the US Army Medical Department in World War 2, and it’s an invaluable research tool for anyone interested in the period.

Introduction & Activation:

The 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company was officially activated 15 July 1943 at Vancouver Barracks, Vancouver, Washington (Staging Area for Seattle Port of Embarkation; acreage: 3,019; troop capacity: 250 Officers & 7,295 Enlisted Men –ed) , by authority of AG 320.2 (dated 10 May 1943), ref. OB-I SPOMU-M.
The main sources from which personnel were initially obtained came from: Army Reserve Officers (2), Army of the United States (4), Regular Army (6), and Selective Service Draftees (118).

In the beginning the unit was organized under Tables of Organization & Equipment T/O & E 10-297, dated 21 January 1942 (authorized strength: 6 Officers & 129 EM). It was re-organized 23 August 1943 under T/O & E 10-297, dated 1 July 1943. Another revision was to follow with T/O & E 10-297, dated 6 November 1943 (aggregate strength: 6 Officers & 124 EM), and C-1 to T/O & E 10-297, dated 25 November 1943 (authorized strength: 6 Officers & 119 EM).

Training & Assignment:

After receiving instructions authorized by Letter 370.5 (SPKSV) (SSD-21) emanating from Ninth Service Command, Headquarters, Presidio of San Francisco, California, the unit moved to Salem Army Air Base, Salem (Second US Army Air Force responsible for air defense of the NW Pacific coastline and support of the US Army Air Forces Training Command in WW2 –ed), Oregon by organizational vehicles on 5 August 1943.
17 September 1943, as authorized by Paragraph 2, Special Orders # 187, Headquarters Vancouver Barracks, Washington, the organization was ordered to move by rail to Fort Francis E. Warren, Cheyenne, Wyoming (Quartermaster Replacement Training Center; acreage: 94,874; troop capacity: 665 Officers & 16,518 Enlisted Men –ed) where it would remain from 19 September 1943 to 31 December 1943, for basic training and buildup.

On 23 October 1943, the 607th QM GR Co was transferred to Pole Mountain Military Reservation, Wyoming (Target & Maneuver Reserve Area –ed), located twenty-five (25) miles from Fort Francis E. Warren, for bivouac and field training. The personnel were carried in trucks to within eight (8) miles of the bivouac area. The remainder of the march was covered on foot under simulated combat conditions, with clear weather and on good roads. The march ended 28 October end the personnel returned to Fort F. E. Warren, having marched the eight (8) miles to the entrucking point. The weather conditions were excellent.

On 14 November 1943 the unit proceeded by Army convoy to Denver General Hospital and Morgue to witness and follow two post-mortems as training. The convoy left Fort Warren at 0415 hours and returned at 1900. Clear weather and good roads made movement fairly easy.
On 30 November another unit convoy left Fort Warren at 0900 in the morning heading for Guernsey, Wyoming, approximately hundred (100) miles north, for extended field training. It arrived at its new destination at 1330 hours. Overall clear weather and good roads.

Early December 1943 convoy practice and driving took place between 0800 and 1600 hours on 2 December, covering about ninety (90) miles. The deployment was accompanied by detection of simulated land mines and booby traps. The exercise took place under winter conditions with snow and rain. Driving alternated on macadam and dirt roads. Another motor march took place on 7 December 1943, with destination the Davis Bay Area where a bivouac was established and field exercises conducted. The distance covered was only five (5) miles. The following day, a surprise evacuation of the unit’s bivouac area was initiated which ended with the organization’s return to Guernsey, Wyoming, which it reached at 1850 hours. Heavy snowstorm and icy roads made driving difficult.

More motor marches were held during December, with a first motor march to Torrington and Wheatland covering approximately forty (40) miles. Direction finding problems across the valley to Wheatland, Wyoming, were practiced as well, including more exercises in clear but cold weather with temperatures of 6° above zero. Traveling took place on covered macadam and dirt roads.
The last motor march started at 0800, 14 December 1943, and went to Fish Canyon five (5) miles where the unit was to bivouac in the snow. Surprise evacuation and return to Guernsey took place around 2100 hours. The movement was conducted in snow, very cold weather, and icy roads.

The 607th departed for Fort Francis E. Warren at 0800, 16 December 1943, reaching its destination at 1130, driving over one hundred (100) miles. The weather was clear, cold, and the roads were good.

The 607th QM GR Co took part in no campaigns, battles, or military engagements during 1943, and suffered no losses. The main objective was to train and build up the unit in view of a possible movement overseas.

Movement Overseas:

The organization sailed to England on troopship USAT “Edmund B. Alexander” (acquired by the US Army in 1940; initially used as a floating barracks at St. John, Newfoundland, in 1941; retrofitted and used as a troop transport in 1942-1943, operating between the ZI and the Mediterranean and European Theaters in 1943-1944; and carrying returning US military dependents, war brides and kids between 1946-1949 –ed) departing Boston POE on 23 March 1944 and spending thirteen (13) days rocking and rolling on the Atlantic before reaching Liverpool, United Kingdom, 3 April 1944. The ship was part of large convoy of 27 ships sailing across the Atlantic carrying thousands of troops and equipment enroute to the European Theater. The personnel were crammed deep in one of the holds, way below sea level, and slept in bunks four high. Food was served two times daily and consumed standing. The deck was grimy and slippery from the spilled food and drink, latrines overflowed, and quite a few men were seasick. Almost endlessly zigzagging its way across the ocean, the “Edmund B. Alexander” finally reached Liverpool early April of 1944.

England:

Following its arrival in the United Kingdom, the 607th QM GR Co first spent some time in Oxford, before being stationed near Bristol, Gloucestershire, England, APO # 230, where it was to start an intensive period of training both on land as on water. In view of Operation “Overlord” the different Platoons received appropriate instructions with regard to their respective stations and training periods while in England. Movement to the respective training areas were the large-scale rehearsals were to be conducted was to take place by train or motor convoy.
Different units and services were henceforth established by Headquarters, Southern Base Section, SOS, ETOUSA, with approximately 2,500 troops and over 350 vehicles being distributed over a specific area over Cornwall with different camps sites (Falmouth, Helston, Lanivet, Redruth, St. Austell, and Truro –ed) set aside for participation to Exercise “Tiger” on 28 April 1944 (the latter with tragic consequences), followed by Operations “Fabius” I to IV at Slapton Sands and Blackpool Sands, Devon, from 3 to 9 May 1944 (D-Day rehearsals already started 15 December 1943 with further exercises conducted in March, April, and May of 1944 –ed).

On 15 April 1944 and in compliance with First United States Army Orders, 607th Quartermaster Corps Graves Registration Company Headquarters and Fourth Platoon were sent to Knowle Camp, Bristol, England; Second Platoon to 5th Engineer Special Brigade at Swansea, Wales; First Platoon to 1st Engineer Special Brigade, at Truro, England, and Third Platoon to 6th Engineer Special Brigade, at Paignton, England.

First Maneuvers
Second Platoon of the 607th arrived in St. Austell, Cornwall after an uneventful train ride. While there, the men learned that First Platoon had been sent on  maneuvers (Exercise “Tiger” 22 – 30 April 1944 –ed) off the English coast and had suffered heavily during the German E-boat attack of 28 April 1944. It cost them one (1) Officer and fifteen (15) men killed, and one (1) wounded out of twenty-four (24). All men were killed while traveling aboard LST # 531 which was torpedoed and sunk during the incident. The 1st ESB suffered most heavily during this action. Total American deaths numbered 946 service men. First Platoon was therefore replaced by Fourth Platoon on 10 May while the First was then returned to Company Headquarters at Knowle Camp for replacement and training. Additional training was conducted in Swansea and in the vicinity of Oxford, England. Third Platoon was stationed at the Marshalling Area, Paignton, South Devon, designated K-5; while Fourth Platoon was temporarily stationed at the Marshalling Area, Lupton House, South Devon, designated K-6.

Preparations for Operations on the Continent
Under the responsibility of the Commanding General, First United States Army Group (FUSAG), the elaboration of plans for care of the dead during Operation “Neptune”, the assault phase of Overlord, devolved upon the Quartermaster Section of First United States Army (FUSA) under the command of Colonel Andrew T. McNamara. The concepts in Graves Registration planning originated in the Office of the Chief Quartermaster and were subsequently translated into Standard Operating Procedures by planning agencies of the subordinate commands responsible for execution.

The standard burial procedure for field operations on the continent was made in the preparation and publication on 1 October 1943 of the “Handbook for Battlefield Burials and Graves Registration by Troops” (7-page booklet with a concise summary of practices successfully applied in the Tunisian and Sicilian campaigns –ed).  The Plans and Training Division, Office of the Chief Quartermaster, submitted a paper called “Preliminary Study – Graves Registration Service for Continental Operations” on 3 November 1943.

A new plan was launched on 10 January 1944, contemplating assignment of 12 Quartermaster Graves Registration Companies to the field force and 7 Companies to the Services of Supply (SOS) in the Communications Zone (ComZ). The “Handbook for Emergency Battlefield Burials and Graves Registration by Troops” was amended 1 December 1943 to reflect the SOP for operations on the continent. On 15 February 1944, the War Department approved a plan to assign 18 QM GR Companies as the ETO troop basis, with an assumed breakdown of 12 units to the field forces (3 per Army and 6 to the SOS). A revision of the troop strength for Operation “Neptune” called for a total assignment of 21 Companies (12 to the field forces and 9 to SOS).

FUSA operation plans stated that 16 Platoons from 5 different Quartermaster Graves Registration Companies were to be employed during the first fourteen (14) days of Operation “Neptune”. These units would be grouped with the various assault support and reserve echelons pertaining to V, VI, and XIX Corps, all of which were to be committed during this period. The allocation of 16 QM GR Companies was to support a force of 8 Infantry Divisions – 2 Airborne Divisions – 1 Armored Division.

It appears that during the period D-Day until D+6, 4 QM GR Companies – the 603d – 606th – 607th and 609th Companies, plus two Platoons of the 3041st QM GR Co were effectively assigned to the First United States Army.
According to official Quartermaster Corps records for D-Day and D+1, the 603d – 606th – and the 607th (only Second + Third + Fourth Platoon –ed) QM GR Companies operated with the assault force on 6 and 7 June 1944.

Following its landing in Normandy, France, 6 June 1944, the 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company would operate four (4) Platoons in Normandy (First Platoon was not assigned to a division due to heavy losses suffered during Exercise “Tiger”). Second Platoon was attached to the 5th ESB while Third Platoon went to the 6th ESB, both to land on Omaha Beach. Fourth Platoon was attached to the 1st Engineer Special Brigade (in fact to the 577th QM Bn –ed) which was to land on Utah Beach. The Company was thus split up with one half of its elements being assigned to Omaha and the other half being destined for Utah.

France:

The 607th boarded a Liberty Ship for the Channel crossing and after waiting off the French coast, the personnel received the order to climb down the rope ladders to the waiting landing craft which were to take them to shore.
Explosions shook the barges, bodies and debris floated around in the water, incoming fire and explosions seemed to come from every direction, and everyone was very busy trying to make it alive to the French coast.
At 1530 hours 6 June 1944, the first elements of the 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company, consisting of Third Platoon, landed on Omaha Beach, Easy Red Beach, Normandy, France.
Pending arrival of Second Platoon, 607th QM GR Co (which landed at 1145, 8 June 1944 –ed), Third Platoon personnel undertook the supervision of identification and registration of graves at the cemeteries operated by the Engineer Special Brigades. At the same time, the 309th Quartermaster Railhead Company and the 3168th Quartermaster Service Company (colored personnel) were detailed to assist in the collection of bodies and digging of graves.  At midnight, 9 June 1944, all bodies had been cleared from the beach area (457 dead) and the temporary cemetery was closed.
Original planning  called for dead to be evacuated to the cemeteries set up by Second and Third Platoon (607th QM GR Co) on D+3, located near Cricqueville-en-Bessin and Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes. At the time plans had to be modified, since both reserved locations were still in enemy hands. Fourth Platoon which landed on Utah Beach at 1900 hours 7 June 1944, established a temporary cemetery on Utah Beach on 8 June was eventually attached to the 603d QM GR Co and cooperating with its Fourth Platoon (603d) established a cemetery dedicated to German dead at Orglandes, France, on 18 June 1944.

D-Day Operations – 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company
Third Platoon > established (temporary) Cemetery No. 2 on Omaha Beach (7 Jun 44)
Second Platoon > established Cemetery No. 1 at St. Laurent-sur-Mer, Omaha Beach (8 Jun 44)
Fourth Platoon > established (temporary) Cemetery on Utah Beach (8 Jun 44)

A collecting point was quickly set up to start processing the dead littering the beach and floating in the water. Third Platoon eventually opened Cemetery No. 2 on Omaha Beach as early as 7 June 1944 (located west of  Vierville-sur-Mer Exit 1 on the far end of Dog Green Beach –ed)
Operations at St.-Laurent-sur-Mer Cemetery No. 1 began on 10 June 1944, when 775 Allied and 200 enemy dead were delivered for burial. Five (5) days later the 5th Engineer Special Brigade reported that all bodies had been interred and that by 2400 hours, 16 June 1944, Second and Third Platoons, 607th QM GR Co, had completed the interment of 1,510 American, 48 Allied, and 606 enemy dead with some assistance from the 606th. Labor mainly consisted of enemy Prisoners of War from a PW enclosure across the valley. While Platoons of the 607th were operating in the area, Second Platoon, 606th QM GR Co opened La Cambe Cemetery on D+4 for the 29th Infantry Division. On D+9, La Cambe was transferred from V to XIX Corps, and was now operated by Second Platoon, 608th QM GR Co, until arrival of its Headquarters and First Platoon.

It should be noted that the reconstituted First Platoon and Headquarters Platoon left Knowle Camp, Bristol, at 0115 hours, 20 June 1944, for Saltram Park, Plymouth, England and only joined the other Platoons of the 607th on 29 and 30 June 1944 respectively at the St.-Laurent-sur-Mer Cemetery No. 1 (following the St-Lô breakthrough approximately 4,000 Americans, 50 Allied, and 1,500 Germans had been buried there –ed).

After 356 emergency burials  had been made by Fourth Platoon, 607th QM GR Co at Pouppeville (established on 8 June 1944 for the 4th Infantry Division –ed) on behalf of the 1st Engineer Special Brigade; First Platoon, 603d QM GR Co, opened another provisional cemetery at St.-Martin-de-Vareville on D+3 for the 4th Infantry Division, while Second Platoon, 603d, established one the same day at Ste-Mère-Eglise for the 9th Infantry Division. After closing the cemetery on 18 June, Fourth Platoon, 607th, was then sent to Orglandes to open the first German Military Cemetery.

Fourth Platoon sent a small detachment to Hiesville on 12 June 1944, to assist the 101st Airborne personnel with burial of German casualties, processing a total of 97 Germans before returning to St. Martin-de-Vareville. Second, Third, and Fourth Platoons were formally relieved from attachment to the respective Engineer Special Brigades on 24 June 1944, reverting to First US Army control.

Fourth Platoon, 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company, was the only unit tasked with disinterring three (3) cemeteries during the Normandy campaign. They operated the cemetery at Utah Beach, subsequently returned to Orglandes, and eventually moved to Ste-Mère-Eglise Cemetery No. 2 between 24 and 29 June 1944. They returned to Orglandes 1 July, were then ordered to Hiesville, where they disinterred the entire cemetery between 2 and 4 July, before returning to Blosville (82d Airborne Division cemetery, approximately twenty-eight (28) miles south of Cherbourg, opened 6 Jul 44) where they removed the bodies of 401 American dead and reburied them in the new part of the cemetery. They also removed 131 German dead from Blosville and transferred them to Orglandes. Second Platoon removed the remains from the initial Omaha Beach cemetery and moved them to St. Laurent No. 1.

In the course of a single week of fighting on Omaha Beach (6 > 12 Jun 44), combat losses amounted to 5,846 of which 1,225 were killed in action. The heaviest losses were 2,440 (29th Inf Div); 1,744 (1st Inf Div); and 855 (2d Inf Div). Third Platoon, 607th QM GR Co was awarded a Unit Citation for its work at Omaha Beach (WD GO 15 Sep 45).

By the end of June Fourth Platoon was still operating at the German Cemetery at Orglandes. Following the American success at St-Lô, the 607th QM GR Co operated at new cemeteries located at Marigny (approx. 10 mi. west of St-Lô, opened 31 Jul 44), Le Chêne-Guérin (approx. 15 mi. south of St-Lô, opened 7 Aug 44), St. André (approx. 10 mi. southeast of Evreux, opened 24 Aug 44), and Solers (approx. 18 mi. southeast of Paris, opened 30 Aug 44), France. By 15 July 1944, Company Headquarters, First and Fourth Platoons were assisting the 603d QM GR Co at Orglandes (which they eventually took over), while Second and Third Platoons continued operating the St. Laurent-sur-Mer Cemetery. On 21 July, two Platoons of the 610th Quartermaster Graves Registration  Company joined the 607th to assist in operations, and one Platoon of the 3169th Quartermaster Service Company was attached to provide labor. They received additional help on 25 July from the 971st Quartermaster Service Company which was assigned to gain experience.On 29 July 1944, Fourth Platoon was ordered to move to Ste-Mère-Eglise Cemetery (code name: Jayhawk) to take over operation from the 603d QM GR Co.

Although standard GR practice was to wrap bodies in clean white shrouds (mattress covers) before burial, this was not always possible and many casualties were simply buried in the clothes they were wearing at the time they were killed, or wrapped in parachute canopies, blankets, or shelter halves.

During the above period operations included: collection of bodies, including identification and fingerprinting; the establishment of temporary and permanent cemeteries, interment and disinterment of dead; cemetery beautification, and general graves registration functions, under control of First United States Army. Current operations comprised the establishment of temporary cemeteries on Utah and Omaha Beach; operations at Blosville, Hiesville, and Orglandes; as well as disinterment of the temporary Utah and Omaha Beach cemeteries and the setting up of a permanent cemetery at St. Laurent-sur-Mer.

On 2 August 1944, First Platoon moved to La Cambe Cemetery; the following day the Orglandes German Cemetery was turned over to ADSEC, ComZ, and Company Headquarters transferred to La Cambe. On 4 August, Fourth Platoon left Ste-Mère-Eglise Cemetery No. 2 for Marigny German Cemetery, while the 607th took over operation of La Cambe at 1500 hours. On 9 August 1944, La Cambe Cemetery was transferred to ADSEC, ComZ. On 10 August, the 607th began operating both Marigny Cemeteries with assistance from Company Headquarters and Second and Third Platoons. 14 August 1944 proved a very special and a sad day as Captain W. Pearson, assisted by First Lieutenant R. E. Berry, and 6 Enlisted Men, took charge of the body, after execution, of Private Clarence Whitfield (494th Port Battalion), a general prisoner, held at Canisy, ( court-martialed and executed by hanging –ed).

On 17 August, the responsibility of operating the Marigny American and German Cemeteries was transferred to ADSEC, ComZ as of 1800 hours; Second and Fourth Platoons then moved to Le Chêne-Guérin Cemetery where they began operating at 1800.
On 19 August 1944, Headquarters, First and Second Platoons moved to Gorron Cemetery where they started operations around 1800 hours, 20 August 1944. They were joined by Second and Fourth Platoon two days later. In view of a transfer of operations, the responsibility of operating Gorron was transferred to ADSEC, with First and Second Platoons moving to St. André. On 30 August, the 607th QM GR Co assumed full responsibility for the St. André American and German Cemeteries. Units involved included Headquarters as well as Third and Fourth Platoons.

On 3 September 1944, Third and Fourth Platoons moved from St. André to Solers to operate the American No. 1 and German No. 2 Cemeteries. Headquarters, First and Second Platoons joined the unit at Solers on 5 September.

Belgium:

13 September 1944: in the wake of the advancing Allied Armies, the 607th transferred First and Second Platoons to start operating the temporary cemetery at Fosses-la-Ville, Belgium. (approx. 10 mi. southwest of Namur, opened 8 Sep 44). On 16 September, the Solers Cemetery was taken over by ADSEC, ComZ, with Headquarters, Third and Fourth Platoons moving to Fosses-la-Ville, Belgium. Fosses was turned over to ADSEC on 25 September. The next day, Third and Fourth Platoons moved to Henri-Chapelle Cemetery, Belgium. The Fosses-la-Ville American Cemetery originally contained American (Cemetery No. 1) and enemy dead (Cemetery No. 2) and was closed on 12 July 1948, after all remains had been evacuated to their respective national cemeteries.

27 September 1944, Headquarters, First and Second Platoons, 607th QM GR Co, were instructed to move from Fosses-la-Ville to the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery, Belgium.

Having been continually operating and moving, the unit received a well-earned break, and was established in the rest area near the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery on 1 October 1944 (where they would remain until 15 October –ed). On 4 October, First Lieutenant William O. Davis (First Platoon) and 10 Enlisted Men went on DS to Maastricht, Holland, to establish a collection point. On 8 October, First Lieutenant Ernest J. Terry (Second Platoon) and 20 EM were sent to Overeupen, Germany, to set up crosses. Almost daily trips were made to the 2d Evacuation Hospital for the purpose of picking up bodies.
The 607th assumed overall responsibility for the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery as from 8 November 1944 (approx. 18 mi. from Liège, opened 28 Sep 44), relieving the 603d QM GR Co of its responsibility of operating the cemetery. It would continue to operate Henri-Chapelle and GR collection points in Belgium and part of Germany until 1 April 1945. Up to mid November 1944, daily trips were made to the 2d and 45th Evacuation Hospitals to pick up bodies of deceased patients. More trips continued to five different Hospitals in order to pick up and evacuate the many bodies.  

By end of November 1944, First Lieutenant Ernest J. Terry was on DS with the 3059th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company; First Lieutenant Robert E. Berry was on DS with the 3058th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company; and First Lieutenant William O. Davis was on TD with the 471st Quartermaster Group. On 14 December 1944, the latter moved on DS with the 308th Quartermaster Battalion. By end of December the current CO, Captain Whitman Pearson was on TD with ETO Headquarters, and was therefore replaced by First Lieutenant Nicholas J. Sloane, while First Lieutenant Neal F. Raker was appointed Company XO.

During the German breakthrough of 16 December 1944 in the Bulge, the organization was in imminent danger of being cut off from the rear at the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery. In this period, the Company bivouac was bombed, the cemetery strafed by German aircraft as men were working on burials, and the vicinity was the scene of landing of German paratroops. Numbering four (4) Officers and one hundred and eighteen (118) men in mid-January 1945, the 607th was faced with the task of burying one of the largest groups of fatalities it had ever handled in a single month.
From 17 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, 3,159 American and 1,745 German dead were buried. Remains were delivered by the hundreds each day, mainly retrieved from forward collecting points where they were evacuated to by the combat units of the First and Third United States Armies. Later in one day 405 American dead were interred, a sad unit record. In addition to its heavy workload in the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery, the 607th was called upon to supply GR personnel to the XVIII Airborne Corps and 1 Officer plus 15 Enlisted Men established various collecting points for the 82d Airborne and 30th Infantry Divisions in the thick of the fighting. It was also necessary to double interior guard and security patrols around the bivouac area to prevent any surprise enemy attack. At the time there were only 4 Officers, including two Platoon Leaders available; First Lieutenant Hugh Shackelford, Jr. and Second Lieutenant Sam Herman. A new Officer, First Lieutenant John J. McKenna, joined the 607th 31 January 1945.

The 607th QM GR Co was later awarded the Meritorious Service Unit Plaque for their stand during the “Battle of the Bulge”.

Henri-Chapelle Cemetery in fact was to serve as an Army Group cemetery to which the dead of the First and Ninth US Armies were evacuated simultaneously through their collecting system. As it was winter, it rained a lot, and it snowed. It was freezing cold, the coldest winter for years, the local folks said, and working in the hard frozen ground was extremely difficult, pneumatic jackhammers were therefore called for by the grave diggers. Clothes worn by GR Companies had to be washed in gasoline to remove contamination and often blood-soiled uniforms were simply discarded. The smell of decomposing bodies, primarily in dry and warmer weather, was overpowering to the personnel during burial details. Due to the continuous advance and move of the field units, it was not always possible to maintain a regular flow of necessary recovery and burial supplies, such as masks, rubber gloves, and white shrouds …

The difficulties involved in evacuating First United States Army casualties from the fighting line to Henri-Chapelle, Belgium, necessitated turning the cemetery over to the Advance Section, Communications Zone (ADSEC) and the unit eventually moved into Germany after having operated one of the largest American Military Cemeteries in World War Two for approximately five (5) months.

From 1 March to 12 March 1945, 1 Officer went on DS to Stavelot, Belgium, to supervise evacuation of bodies. On 12 March, another Officer and 18 EM went on DS with V Corps to assist with the evacuation of collected bodies. On 13 March 1945, 1 Officer and 4 EM were sent to Euskirchen, Germany, to establish a collecting point. Daily trips were made to the 2d, 5th, 32d, 44th, 45th, 67th, 98th, 97th, 102d and 128th Evacuation Hospitals for purpose of picking up bodies ready for evacuation to cemeteries. Between 15 March to 31 March 1945, the total number of Enlisted replacements was 3.

Germany:

Many bodies which had been left as they fell because of the German counter-offensive could not be recovered until the snow started melting. A force composed of two (2) Graves Registration Platoons of the 606th and the 3060th QM GR Companies was therefore detailed to sweep the entire area. All bodies recovered were evacuated to Henri-Chapelle Cemetery still operated by the 607th.

During the crossing of the Roer and the drive to the Rhine, the 607th continued to operate an Army collecting point at Euskirchen, Germany with 5 EM; a complete Platoon headed by 1 Officer was engaged in GRS on behalf of V Corps; and parties of 2 EM continued daily trips to the many Evacuation Hospitals in order to remove deceased for burial at the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery, Belgium. Although ADSEC took over Henri-Chapelle Cemetery No. 2, on 31 March 1945, (responsibility of cemetery operations and records were turned over to the 612th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company –ed) a section remained for burying German PWs, as First US Army authorities preferred to evacuate their dead to Cemetery No. 1 until expansion of the Remagen Bridgehead required an Army cemetery on German soil.

On 31 March 1945, a new Officer joined and was assigned to the 607th QM GR Co; First Lieutenant John A. Liddie. This brought the number of Officers back to 6.

Two American Cemeteries were established on 29 March 1945 at Ittenbach Germany. Then, owing to the expansion of the area of operations, another cemetery opened at Breuna in April. Both sites continued to operate until 20 April 1945. On 1 April, the 607th assumed the responsibility for further operations at Ittenbach. On 4 April, 4 EM were sent to Gießen, Germany, to establish a new Army collecting point. On 10 April, two Platoons  were detached to help establish a cemetery at Breuna. On 18 April, Headquarters, assisted by two Platoons moved from Ittenbach to Breuna. On 23 April, Ittenbach Cemetery was closed and the two Platoons moved to Eisenach to set up a new American Cemetery. After the 607th QM GR Co took over the Third US Army Cemetery at Eisenach, Breuna was closed on 26 April 1945. Eisenach Cemetery, established and operated with the assistance of the 607th was operated by the organization from 23 April until 8 May 1945. Additional collecting points were opened at Polneck and Overfurt, Germany, which would continue to operate until V-E Day. Three Enlisted Men were employed on daily trips for the purpose of disinterring isolated burials and returning the recovered bodies to a military cemetery.

Life Magazine, dated 2 April 1945, published an article on the US Military Cemetery of Henri-Chapelle, Belgium, entitled “Crosses in a Belgian field honor the men who died to win the Rhine”.

Further advances into enemy territory continued and necessitated moving the Company’s collecting points. More  detachments were thus moved forward to set up intermediate Army collecting points still further into the country. The experience learned in Germany pointed out the need for mobility and the ability to carry out several  operations simultaneously without additional personnel. In March of 1945, the 607th QM GR Co was attached to the 579th Quartermaster Battalion (part of 534th Quartermaster Group –ed) but the unit continued to operate the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery.

On 30 April 1945, First Lieutenant Neal F. Raker was on DS with the 3060th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company, and First Lieutenant Hugh Shackelford, Jr. had been appointed Company Executive Officer. In August 1945, he was replaced by First Lieutenant John J. McKenna.

After V-E Day, the Eisenach Cemetery was closed and preparations were made to disinter and evacuate all American and Allied deceased to the American Cemetery No. 1 at Margraten, Holland (approx. 6 mi. east of Maastricht, opened 10 Nov 44). All bodies were disinterred and transported by motor convoy to Margraten for burial within approximately two (2) weeks. After completing operations at Eisenach which now served as a collecting point, the Company moved back enmasse to Breuna Cemetery where, from 9 July 1945 to 8 August 1945, 1,500 American bodies were removed and transported to Margraten, Holland, for reburial.

In August of 1945, the 607th QM GR Co was attached to Headquarters, 550th Quartermaster Group. By 25 August 1945, the 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company had a new Executive Officer: First Lieutenant John J. McKenna.

The last ‘job’ conducted by the 607th was to sweep for isolated burials in a specific area designated by the Office of the Quartermaster, Seventh United States Army, and in beautifying the American Cemetery at Breuna, Germany.

End November of 1945, the 1st Quartermaster Group issued a long list of Enlisted Men relieved of assignment and who were to be transferred in grade to the 793d Field Artillery Battalion (8-in howitzers –ed), as per VOCG Seventh United States Army, dated 7 November 1945, for return to the ZI. The unit arrived at Boston POE on 16 December 1945. The 793d Fld Arty Bn was subsequently inactivated at Camp Myles Standish, Boston, Massachusetts, on 17 December 1945. Quite a number of these men had initially served with the 607th QM GR Company, the 1st QM Group, the 46th QM GR Company, the 48th QM GR Company, the 608th QM GR Company, the 3046th QM GR Company, and the 3049th QM GR Company.

This week, Adept was tasked with transcribing, researching and captioning the Oral History of a member of a Quartermaster Graves Registration Company. Even the existence of these units during World War II might be unknown to most, but they fulfilled a crucial, and even humanitarian, role. This article by the WW2 US Medical Research Centre sheds light into how one of the units came to be, its history, and its participation in the war. The WW2 US Medical Research Centre’s project represents a unique perspective and compilation of different aspects of the US Army Medical Department in World War 2, and it’s an invaluable research tool for anyone interested in the period.

Introduction & Activation:

The 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company was officially activated 15 July 1943 at Vancouver Barracks, Vancouver, Washington (Staging Area for Seattle Port of Embarkation; acreage: 3,019; troop capacity: 250 Officers & 7,295 Enlisted Men –ed) , by authority of AG 320.2 (dated 10 May 1943), ref. OB-I SPOMU-M.
The main sources from which personnel were initially obtained came from: Army Reserve Officers (2), Army of the United States (4), Regular Army (6), and Selective Service Draftees (118).

In the beginning the unit was organized under Tables of Organization & Equipment T/O & E 10-297, dated 21 January 1942 (authorized strength: 6 Officers & 129 EM). It was re-organized 23 August 1943 under T/O & E 10-297, dated 1 July 1943. Another revision was to follow with T/O & E 10-297, dated 6 November 1943 (aggregate strength: 6 Officers & 124 EM), and C-1 to T/O & E 10-297, dated 25 November 1943 (authorized strength: 6 Officers & 119 EM).

Training & Assignment:

After receiving instructions authorized by Letter 370.5 (SPKSV) (SSD-21) emanating from Ninth Service Command, Headquarters, Presidio of San Francisco, California, the unit moved to Salem Army Air Base, Salem (Second US Army Air Force responsible for air defense of the NW Pacific coastline and support of the US Army Air Forces Training Command in WW2 –ed), Oregon by organizational vehicles on 5 August 1943.
17 September 1943, as authorized by Paragraph 2, Special Orders # 187, Headquarters Vancouver Barracks, Washington, the organization was ordered to move by rail to Fort Francis E. Warren, Cheyenne, Wyoming (Quartermaster Replacement Training Center; acreage: 94,874; troop capacity: 665 Officers & 16,518 Enlisted Men –ed) where it would remain from 19 September 1943 to 31 December 1943, for basic training and buildup.

On 23 October 1943, the 607th QM GR Co was transferred to Pole Mountain Military Reservation, Wyoming (Target & Maneuver Reserve Area –ed), located twenty-five (25) miles from Fort Francis E. Warren, for bivouac and field training. The personnel were carried in trucks to within eight (8) miles of the bivouac area. The remainder of the march was covered on foot under simulated combat conditions, with clear weather and on good roads. The march ended 28 October end the personnel returned to Fort F. E. Warren, having marched the eight (8) miles to the entrucking point. The weather conditions were excellent.

On 14 November 1943 the unit proceeded by Army convoy to Denver General Hospital and Morgue to witness and follow two post-mortems as training. The convoy left Fort Warren at 0415 hours and returned at 1900. Clear weather and good roads made movement fairly easy.
On 30 November another unit convoy left Fort Warren at 0900 in the morning heading for Guernsey, Wyoming, approximately hundred (100) miles north, for extended field training. It arrived at its new destination at 1330 hours. Overall clear weather and good roads.

Early December 1943 convoy practice and driving took place between 0800 and 1600 hours on 2 December, covering about ninety (90) miles. The deployment was accompanied by detection of simulated land mines and booby traps. The exercise took place under winter conditions with snow and rain. Driving alternated on macadam and dirt roads. Another motor march took place on 7 December 1943, with destination the Davis Bay Area where a bivouac was established and field exercises conducted. The distance covered was only five (5) miles. The following day, a surprise evacuation of the unit’s bivouac area was initiated which ended with the organization’s return to Guernsey, Wyoming, which it reached at 1850 hours. Heavy snowstorm and icy roads made driving difficult.

More motor marches were held during December, with a first motor march to Torrington and Wheatland covering approximately forty (40) miles. Direction finding problems across the valley to Wheatland, Wyoming, were practiced as well, including more exercises in clear but cold weather with temperatures of 6° above zero. Traveling took place on covered macadam and dirt roads.
The last motor march started at 0800, 14 December 1943, and went to Fish Canyon five (5) miles where the unit was to bivouac in the snow. Surprise evacuation and return to Guernsey took place around 2100 hours. The movement was conducted in snow, very cold weather, and icy roads.

The 607th departed for Fort Francis E. Warren at 0800, 16 December 1943, reaching its destination at 1130, driving over one hundred (100) miles. The weather was clear, cold, and the roads were good.

The 607th QM GR Co took part in no campaigns, battles, or military engagements during 1943, and suffered no losses. The main objective was to train and build up the unit in view of a possible movement overseas.

Movement Overseas:

The organization sailed to England on troopship USAT “Edmund B. Alexander” (acquired by the US Army in 1940; initially used as a floating barracks at St. John, Newfoundland, in 1941; retrofitted and used as a troop transport in 1942-1943, operating between the ZI and the Mediterranean and European Theaters in 1943-1944; and carrying returning US military dependents, war brides and kids between 1946-1949 –ed) departing Boston POE on 23 March 1944 and spending thirteen (13) days rocking and rolling on the Atlantic before reaching Liverpool, United Kingdom, 3 April 1944. The ship was part of large convoy of 27 ships sailing across the Atlantic carrying thousands of troops and equipment enroute to the European Theater. The personnel were crammed deep in one of the holds, way below sea level, and slept in bunks four high. Food was served two times daily and consumed standing. The deck was grimy and slippery from the spilled food and drink, latrines overflowed, and quite a few men were seasick. Almost endlessly zigzagging its way across the ocean, the “Edmund B. Alexander” finally reached Liverpool early April of 1944.

England:

Following its arrival in the United Kingdom, the 607th QM GR Co first spent some time in Oxford, before being stationed near Bristol, Gloucestershire, England, APO # 230, where it was to start an intensive period of training both on land as on water. In view of Operation “Overlord” the different Platoons received appropriate instructions with regard to their respective stations and training periods while in England. Movement to the respective training areas were the large-scale rehearsals were to be conducted was to take place by train or motor convoy.
Different units and services were henceforth established by Headquarters, Southern Base Section, SOS, ETOUSA, with approximately 2,500 troops and over 350 vehicles being distributed over a specific area over Cornwall with different camps sites (Falmouth, Helston, Lanivet, Redruth, St. Austell, and Truro –ed) set aside for participation to Exercise “Tiger” on 28 April 1944 (the latter with tragic consequences), followed by Operations “Fabius” I to IV at Slapton Sands and Blackpool Sands, Devon, from 3 to 9 May 1944 (D-Day rehearsals already started 15 December 1943 with further exercises conducted in March, April, and May of 1944 –ed).

On 15 April 1944 and in compliance with First United States Army Orders, 607th Quartermaster Corps Graves Registration Company Headquarters and Fourth Platoon were sent to Knowle Camp, Bristol, England; Second Platoon to 5th Engineer Special Brigade at Swansea, Wales; First Platoon to 1st Engineer Special Brigade, at Truro, England, and Third Platoon to 6th Engineer Special Brigade, at Paignton, England.

First Maneuvers
Second Platoon of the 607th arrived in St. Austell, Cornwall after an uneventful train ride. While there, the men learned that First Platoon had been sent on  maneuvers (Exercise “Tiger” 22 – 30 April 1944 –ed) off the English coast and had suffered heavily during the German E-boat attack of 28 April 1944. It cost them one (1) Officer and fifteen (15) men killed, and one (1) wounded out of twenty-four (24). All men were killed while traveling aboard LST # 531 which was torpedoed and sunk during the incident. The 1st ESB suffered most heavily during this action. Total American deaths numbered 946 service men. First Platoon was therefore replaced by Fourth Platoon on 10 May while the First was then returned to Company Headquarters at Knowle Camp for replacement and training. Additional training was conducted in Swansea and in the vicinity of Oxford, England. Third Platoon was stationed at the Marshalling Area, Paignton, South Devon, designated K-5; while Fourth Platoon was temporarily stationed at the Marshalling Area, Lupton House, South Devon, designated K-6.

Preparations for Operations on the Continent
Under the responsibility of the Commanding General, First United States Army Group (FUSAG), the elaboration of plans for care of the dead during Operation “Neptune”, the assault phase of Overlord, devolved upon the Quartermaster Section of First United States Army (FUSA) under the command of Colonel Andrew T. McNamara. The concepts in Graves Registration planning originated in the Office of the Chief Quartermaster and were subsequently translated into Standard Operating Procedures by planning agencies of the subordinate commands responsible for execution.

The standard burial procedure for field operations on the continent was made in the preparation and publication on 1 October 1943 of the “Handbook for Battlefield Burials and Graves Registration by Troops” (7-page booklet with a concise summary of practices successfully applied in the Tunisian and Sicilian campaigns –ed).  The Plans and Training Division, Office of the Chief Quartermaster, submitted a paper called “Preliminary Study – Graves Registration Service for Continental Operations” on 3 November 1943.

A new plan was launched on 10 January 1944, contemplating assignment of 12 Quartermaster Graves Registration Companies to the field force and 7 Companies to the Services of Supply (SOS) in the Communications Zone (ComZ). The “Handbook for Emergency Battlefield Burials and Graves Registration by Troops” was amended 1 December 1943 to reflect the SOP for operations on the continent. On 15 February 1944, the War Department approved a plan to assign 18 QM GR Companies as the ETO troop basis, with an assumed breakdown of 12 units to the field forces (3 per Army and 6 to the SOS). A revision of the troop strength for Operation “Neptune” called for a total assignment of 21 Companies (12 to the field forces and 9 to SOS).

FUSA operation plans stated that 16 Platoons from 5 different Quartermaster Graves Registration Companies were to be employed during the first fourteen (14) days of Operation “Neptune”. These units would be grouped with the various assault support and reserve echelons pertaining to V, VI, and XIX Corps, all of which were to be committed during this period. The allocation of 16 QM GR Companies was to support a force of 8 Infantry Divisions – 2 Airborne Divisions – 1 Armored Division.

It appears that during the period D-Day until D+6, 4 QM GR Companies – the 603d – 606th – 607th and 609th Companies, plus two Platoons of the 3041st QM GR Co were effectively assigned to the First United States Army.
According to official Quartermaster Corps records for D-Day and D+1, the 603d – 606th – and the 607th (only Second + Third + Fourth Platoon –ed) QM GR Companies operated with the assault force on 6 and 7 June 1944.

Following its landing in Normandy, France, 6 June 1944, the 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company would operate four (4) Platoons in Normandy (First Platoon was not assigned to a division due to heavy losses suffered during Exercise “Tiger”). Second Platoon was attached to the 5th ESB while Third Platoon went to the 6th ESB, both to land on Omaha Beach. Fourth Platoon was attached to the 1st Engineer Special Brigade (in fact to the 577th QM Bn –ed) which was to land on Utah Beach. The Company was thus split up with one half of its elements being assigned to Omaha and the other half being destined for Utah.

France:

The 607th boarded a Liberty Ship for the Channel crossing and after waiting off the French coast, the personnel received the order to climb down the rope ladders to the waiting landing craft which were to take them to shore.
Explosions shook the barges, bodies and debris floated around in the water, incoming fire and explosions seemed to come from every direction, and everyone was very busy trying to make it alive to the French coast.
At 1530 hours 6 June 1944, the first elements of the 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company, consisting of Third Platoon, landed on Omaha Beach, Easy Red Beach, Normandy, France.
Pending arrival of Second Platoon, 607th QM GR Co (which landed at 1145, 8 June 1944 –ed), Third Platoon personnel undertook the supervision of identification and registration of graves at the cemeteries operated by the Engineer Special Brigades. At the same time, the 309th Quartermaster Railhead Company and the 3168th Quartermaster Service Company (colored personnel) were detailed to assist in the collection of bodies and digging of graves.  At midnight, 9 June 1944, all bodies had been cleared from the beach area (457 dead) and the temporary cemetery was closed.
Original planning  called for dead to be evacuated to the cemeteries set up by Second and Third Platoon (607th QM GR Co) on D+3, located near Cricqueville-en-Bessin and Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes. At the time plans had to be modified, since both reserved locations were still in enemy hands. Fourth Platoon which landed on Utah Beach at 1900 hours 7 June 1944, established a temporary cemetery on Utah Beach on 8 June was eventually attached to the 603d QM GR Co and cooperating with its Fourth Platoon (603d) established a cemetery dedicated to German dead at Orglandes, France, on 18 June 1944.

D-Day Operations – 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company
Third Platoon > established (temporary) Cemetery No. 2 on Omaha Beach (7 Jun 44)
Second Platoon > established Cemetery No. 1 at St. Laurent-sur-Mer, Omaha Beach (8 Jun 44)
Fourth Platoon > established (temporary) Cemetery on Utah Beach (8 Jun 44)

A collecting point was quickly set up to start processing the dead littering the beach and floating in the water. Third Platoon eventually opened Cemetery No. 2 on Omaha Beach as early as 7 June 1944 (located west of  Vierville-sur-Mer Exit 1 on the far end of Dog Green Beach –ed)
Operations at St.-Laurent-sur-Mer Cemetery No. 1 began on 10 June 1944, when 775 Allied and 200 enemy dead were delivered for burial. Five (5) days later the 5th Engineer Special Brigade reported that all bodies had been interred and that by 2400 hours, 16 June 1944, Second and Third Platoons, 607th QM GR Co, had completed the interment of 1,510 American, 48 Allied, and 606 enemy dead with some assistance from the 606th. Labor mainly consisted of enemy Prisoners of War from a PW enclosure across the valley. While Platoons of the 607th were operating in the area, Second Platoon, 606th QM GR Co opened La Cambe Cemetery on D+4 for the 29th Infantry Division. On D+9, La Cambe was transferred from V to XIX Corps, and was now operated by Second Platoon, 608th QM GR Co, until arrival of its Headquarters and First Platoon.

It should be noted that the reconstituted First Platoon and Headquarters Platoon left Knowle Camp, Bristol, at 0115 hours, 20 June 1944, for Saltram Park, Plymouth, England and only joined the other Platoons of the 607th on 29 and 30 June 1944 respectively at the St.-Laurent-sur-Mer Cemetery No. 1 (following the St-Lô breakthrough approximately 4,000 Americans, 50 Allied, and 1,500 Germans had been buried there –ed).

After 356 emergency burials  had been made by Fourth Platoon, 607th QM GR Co at Pouppeville (established on 8 June 1944 for the 4th Infantry Division –ed) on behalf of the 1st Engineer Special Brigade; First Platoon, 603d QM GR Co, opened another provisional cemetery at St.-Martin-de-Vareville on D+3 for the 4th Infantry Division, while Second Platoon, 603d, established one the same day at Ste-Mère-Eglise for the 9th Infantry Division. After closing the cemetery on 18 June, Fourth Platoon, 607th, was then sent to Orglandes to open the first German Military Cemetery.

Fourth Platoon sent a small detachment to Hiesville on 12 June 1944, to assist the 101st Airborne personnel with burial of German casualties, processing a total of 97 Germans before returning to St. Martin-de-Vareville. Second, Third, and Fourth Platoons were formally relieved from attachment to the respective Engineer Special Brigades on 24 June 1944, reverting to First US Army control.

Fourth Platoon, 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company, was the only unit tasked with disinterring three (3) cemeteries during the Normandy campaign. They operated the cemetery at Utah Beach, subsequently returned to Orglandes, and eventually moved to Ste-Mère-Eglise Cemetery No. 2 between 24 and 29 June 1944. They returned to Orglandes 1 July, were then ordered to Hiesville, where they disinterred the entire cemetery between 2 and 4 July, before returning to Blosville (82d Airborne Division cemetery, approximately twenty-eight (28) miles south of Cherbourg, opened 6 Jul 44) where they removed the bodies of 401 American dead and reburied them in the new part of the cemetery. They also removed 131 German dead from Blosville and transferred them to Orglandes. Second Platoon removed the remains from the initial Omaha Beach cemetery and moved them to St. Laurent No. 1.

In the course of a single week of fighting on Omaha Beach (6 > 12 Jun 44), combat losses amounted to 5,846 of which 1,225 were killed in action. The heaviest losses were 2,440 (29th Inf Div); 1,744 (1st Inf Div); and 855 (2d Inf Div). Third Platoon, 607th QM GR Co was awarded a Unit Citation for its work at Omaha Beach (WD GO 15 Sep 45).

By the end of June Fourth Platoon was still operating at the German Cemetery at Orglandes. Following the American success at St-Lô, the 607th QM GR Co operated at new cemeteries located at Marigny (approx. 10 mi. west of St-Lô, opened 31 Jul 44), Le Chêne-Guérin (approx. 15 mi. south of St-Lô, opened 7 Aug 44), St. André (approx. 10 mi. southeast of Evreux, opened 24 Aug 44), and Solers (approx. 18 mi. southeast of Paris, opened 30 Aug 44), France. By 15 July 1944, Company Headquarters, First and Fourth Platoons were assisting the 603d QM GR Co at Orglandes (which they eventually took over), while Second and Third Platoons continued operating the St. Laurent-sur-Mer Cemetery. On 21 July, two Platoons of the 610th Quartermaster Graves Registration  Company joined the 607th to assist in operations, and one Platoon of the 3169th Quartermaster Service Company was attached to provide labor. They received additional help on 25 July from the 971st Quartermaster Service Company which was assigned to gain experience.On 29 July 1944, Fourth Platoon was ordered to move to Ste-Mère-Eglise Cemetery (code name: Jayhawk) to take over operation from the 603d QM GR Co.

Although standard GR practice was to wrap bodies in clean white shrouds (mattress covers) before burial, this was not always possible and many casualties were simply buried in the clothes they were wearing at the time they were killed, or wrapped in parachute canopies, blankets, or shelter halves.

During the above period operations included: collection of bodies, including identification and fingerprinting; the establishment of temporary and permanent cemeteries, interment and disinterment of dead; cemetery beautification, and general graves registration functions, under control of First United States Army. Current operations comprised the establishment of temporary cemeteries on Utah and Omaha Beach; operations at Blosville, Hiesville, and Orglandes; as well as disinterment of the temporary Utah and Omaha Beach cemeteries and the setting up of a permanent cemetery at St. Laurent-sur-Mer.

On 2 August 1944, First Platoon moved to La Cambe Cemetery; the following day the Orglandes German Cemetery was turned over to ADSEC, ComZ, and Company Headquarters transferred to La Cambe. On 4 August, Fourth Platoon left Ste-Mère-Eglise Cemetery No. 2 for Marigny German Cemetery, while the 607th took over operation of La Cambe at 1500 hours. On 9 August 1944, La Cambe Cemetery was transferred to ADSEC, ComZ. On 10 August, the 607th began operating both Marigny Cemeteries with assistance from Company Headquarters and Second and Third Platoons. 14 August 1944 proved a very special and a sad day as Captain W. Pearson, assisted by First Lieutenant R. E. Berry, and 6 Enlisted Men, took charge of the body, after execution, of Private Clarence Whitfield (494th Port Battalion), a general prisoner, held at Canisy, ( court-martialed and executed by hanging –ed).

On 17 August, the responsibility of operating the Marigny American and German Cemeteries was transferred to ADSEC, ComZ as of 1800 hours; Second and Fourth Platoons then moved to Le Chêne-Guérin Cemetery where they began operating at 1800.
On 19 August 1944, Headquarters, First and Second Platoons moved to Gorron Cemetery where they started operations around 1800 hours, 20 August 1944. They were joined by Second and Fourth Platoon two days later. In view of a transfer of operations, the responsibility of operating Gorron was transferred to ADSEC, with First and Second Platoons moving to St. André. On 30 August, the 607th QM GR Co assumed full responsibility for the St. André American and German Cemeteries. Units involved included Headquarters as well as Third and Fourth Platoons.

On 3 September 1944, Third and Fourth Platoons moved from St. André to Solers to operate the American No. 1 and German No. 2 Cemeteries. Headquarters, First and Second Platoons joined the unit at Solers on 5 September.

Belgium:

13 September 1944: in the wake of the advancing Allied Armies, the 607th transferred First and Second Platoons to start operating the temporary cemetery at Fosses-la-Ville, Belgium. (approx. 10 mi. southwest of Namur, opened 8 Sep 44). On 16 September, the Solers Cemetery was taken over by ADSEC, ComZ, with Headquarters, Third and Fourth Platoons moving to Fosses-la-Ville, Belgium. Fosses was turned over to ADSEC on 25 September. The next day, Third and Fourth Platoons moved to Henri-Chapelle Cemetery, Belgium. The Fosses-la-Ville American Cemetery originally contained American (Cemetery No. 1) and enemy dead (Cemetery No. 2) and was closed on 12 July 1948, after all remains had been evacuated to their respective national cemeteries.

27 September 1944, Headquarters, First and Second Platoons, 607th QM GR Co, were instructed to move from Fosses-la-Ville to the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery, Belgium.

Having been continually operating and moving, the unit received a well-earned break, and was established in the rest area near the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery on 1 October 1944 (where they would remain until 15 October –ed). On 4 October, First Lieutenant William O. Davis (First Platoon) and 10 Enlisted Men went on DS to Maastricht, Holland, to establish a collection point. On 8 October, First Lieutenant Ernest J. Terry (Second Platoon) and 20 EM were sent to Overeupen, Germany, to set up crosses. Almost daily trips were made to the 2d Evacuation Hospital for the purpose of picking up bodies.
The 607th assumed overall responsibility for the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery as from 8 November 1944 (approx. 18 mi. from Liège, opened 28 Sep 44), relieving the 603d QM GR Co of its responsibility of operating the cemetery. It would continue to operate Henri-Chapelle and GR collection points in Belgium and part of Germany until 1 April 1945. Up to mid November 1944, daily trips were made to the 2d and 45th Evacuation Hospitals to pick up bodies of deceased patients. More trips continued to five different Hospitals in order to pick up and evacuate the many bodies.  

By end of November 1944, First Lieutenant Ernest J. Terry was on DS with the 3059th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company; First Lieutenant Robert E. Berry was on DS with the 3058th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company; and First Lieutenant William O. Davis was on TD with the 471st Quartermaster Group. On 14 December 1944, the latter moved on DS with the 308th Quartermaster Battalion. By end of December the current CO, Captain Whitman Pearson was on TD with ETO Headquarters, and was therefore replaced by First Lieutenant Nicholas J. Sloane, while First Lieutenant Neal F. Raker was appointed Company XO.

During the German breakthrough of 16 December 1944 in the Bulge, the organization was in imminent danger of being cut off from the rear at the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery. In this period, the Company bivouac was bombed, the cemetery strafed by German aircraft as men were working on burials, and the vicinity was the scene of landing of German paratroops. Numbering four (4) Officers and one hundred and eighteen (118) men in mid-January 1945, the 607th was faced with the task of burying one of the largest groups of fatalities it had ever handled in a single month.
From 17 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, 3,159 American and 1,745 German dead were buried. Remains were delivered by the hundreds each day, mainly retrieved from forward collecting points where they were evacuated to by the combat units of the First and Third United States Armies. Later in one day 405 American dead were interred, a sad unit record. In addition to its heavy workload in the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery, the 607th was called upon to supply GR personnel to the XVIII Airborne Corps and 1 Officer plus 15 Enlisted Men established various collecting points for the 82d Airborne and 30th Infantry Divisions in the thick of the fighting. It was also necessary to double interior guard and security patrols around the bivouac area to prevent any surprise enemy attack. At the time there were only 4 Officers, including two Platoon Leaders available; First Lieutenant Hugh Shackelford, Jr. and Second Lieutenant Sam Herman. A new Officer, First Lieutenant John J. McKenna, joined the 607th 31 January 1945.

The 607th QM GR Co was later awarded the Meritorious Service Unit Plaque for their stand during the “Battle of the Bulge”.

Henri-Chapelle Cemetery in fact was to serve as an Army Group cemetery to which the dead of the First and Ninth US Armies were evacuated simultaneously through their collecting system. As it was winter, it rained a lot, and it snowed. It was freezing cold, the coldest winter for years, the local folks said, and working in the hard frozen ground was extremely difficult, pneumatic jackhammers were therefore called for by the grave diggers. Clothes worn by GR Companies had to be washed in gasoline to remove contamination and often blood-soiled uniforms were simply discarded. The smell of decomposing bodies, primarily in dry and warmer weather, was overpowering to the personnel during burial details. Due to the continuous advance and move of the field units, it was not always possible to maintain a regular flow of necessary recovery and burial supplies, such as masks, rubber gloves, and white shrouds …

The difficulties involved in evacuating First United States Army casualties from the fighting line to Henri-Chapelle, Belgium, necessitated turning the cemetery over to the Advance Section, Communications Zone (ADSEC) and the unit eventually moved into Germany after having operated one of the largest American Military Cemeteries in World War Two for approximately five (5) months.

From 1 March to 12 March 1945, 1 Officer went on DS to Stavelot, Belgium, to supervise evacuation of bodies. On 12 March, another Officer and 18 EM went on DS with V Corps to assist with the evacuation of collected bodies. On 13 March 1945, 1 Officer and 4 EM were sent to Euskirchen, Germany, to establish a collecting point. Daily trips were made to the 2d, 5th, 32d, 44th, 45th, 67th, 98th, 97th, 102d and 128th Evacuation Hospitals for purpose of picking up bodies ready for evacuation to cemeteries. Between 15 March to 31 March 1945, the total number of Enlisted replacements was 3.

Germany:

Many bodies which had been left as they fell because of the German counter-offensive could not be recovered until the snow started melting. A force composed of two (2) Graves Registration Platoons of the 606th and the 3060th QM GR Companies was therefore detailed to sweep the entire area. All bodies recovered were evacuated to Henri-Chapelle Cemetery still operated by the 607th.

During the crossing of the Roer and the drive to the Rhine, the 607th continued to operate an Army collecting point at Euskirchen, Germany with 5 EM; a complete Platoon headed by 1 Officer was engaged in GRS on behalf of V Corps; and parties of 2 EM continued daily trips to the many Evacuation Hospitals in order to remove deceased for burial at the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery, Belgium. Although ADSEC took over Henri-Chapelle Cemetery No. 2, on 31 March 1945, (responsibility of cemetery operations and records were turned over to the 612th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company –ed) a section remained for burying German PWs, as First US Army authorities preferred to evacuate their dead to Cemetery No. 1 until expansion of the Remagen Bridgehead required an Army cemetery on German soil.

On 31 March 1945, a new Officer joined and was assigned to the 607th QM GR Co; First Lieutenant John A. Liddie. This brought the number of Officers back to 6.

Two American Cemeteries were established on 29 March 1945 at Ittenbach Germany. Then, owing to the expansion of the area of operations, another cemetery opened at Breuna in April. Both sites continued to operate until 20 April 1945. On 1 April, the 607th assumed the responsibility for further operations at Ittenbach. On 4 April, 4 EM were sent to Gießen, Germany, to establish a new Army collecting point. On 10 April, two Platoons  were detached to help establish a cemetery at Breuna. On 18 April, Headquarters, assisted by two Platoons moved from Ittenbach to Breuna. On 23 April, Ittenbach Cemetery was closed and the two Platoons moved to Eisenach to set up a new American Cemetery. After the 607th QM GR Co took over the Third US Army Cemetery at Eisenach, Breuna was closed on 26 April 1945. Eisenach Cemetery, established and operated with the assistance of the 607th was operated by the organization from 23 April until 8 May 1945. Additional collecting points were opened at Polneck and Overfurt, Germany, which would continue to operate until V-E Day. Three Enlisted Men were employed on daily trips for the purpose of disinterring isolated burials and returning the recovered bodies to a military cemetery.

Life Magazine, dated 2 April 1945, published an article on the US Military Cemetery of Henri-Chapelle, Belgium, entitled “Crosses in a Belgian field honor the men who died to win the Rhine”.

Further advances into enemy territory continued and necessitated moving the Company’s collecting points. More  detachments were thus moved forward to set up intermediate Army collecting points still further into the country. The experience learned in Germany pointed out the need for mobility and the ability to carry out several  operations simultaneously without additional personnel. In March of 1945, the 607th QM GR Co was attached to the 579th Quartermaster Battalion (part of 534th Quartermaster Group –ed) but the unit continued to operate the Henri-Chapelle Cemetery.

On 30 April 1945, First Lieutenant Neal F. Raker was on DS with the 3060th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company, and First Lieutenant Hugh Shackelford, Jr. had been appointed Company Executive Officer. In August 1945, he was replaced by First Lieutenant John J. McKenna.

After V-E Day, the Eisenach Cemetery was closed and preparations were made to disinter and evacuate all American and Allied deceased to the American Cemetery No. 1 at Margraten, Holland (approx. 6 mi. east of Maastricht, opened 10 Nov 44). All bodies were disinterred and transported by motor convoy to Margraten for burial within approximately two (2) weeks. After completing operations at Eisenach which now served as a collecting point, the Company moved back enmasse to Breuna Cemetery where, from 9 July 1945 to 8 August 1945, 1,500 American bodies were removed and transported to Margraten, Holland, for reburial.

In August of 1945, the 607th QM GR Co was attached to Headquarters, 550th Quartermaster Group. By 25 August 1945, the 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company had a new Executive Officer: First Lieutenant John J. McKenna.

The last ‘job’ conducted by the 607th was to sweep for isolated burials in a specific area designated by the Office of the Quartermaster, Seventh United States Army, and in beautifying the American Cemetery at Breuna, Germany.

End November of 1945, the 1st Quartermaster Group issued a long list of Enlisted Men relieved of assignment and who were to be transferred in grade to the 793d Field Artillery Battalion (8-in howitzers –ed), as per VOCG Seventh United States Army, dated 7 November 1945, for return to the ZI. The unit arrived at Boston POE on 16 December 1945. The 793d Fld Arty Bn was subsequently inactivated at Camp Myles Standish, Boston, Massachusetts, on 17 December 1945. Quite a number of these men had initially served with the 607th QM GR Company, the 1st QM Group, the 46th QM GR Company, the 48th QM GR Company, the 608th QM GR Company, the 3046th QM GR Company, and the 3049th QM GR Company.

The Chicago Manual of Style’s Shop Talk is filled with interesting discussions. In this case, Russell Harper shares a journey through the historical evolution of the punctuation rules for placement of commas and periods within or outside closing quotation marks and explores their logic—or lack thereof.

According to The Chicago Manual of Style, commas and periods are almost always placed before a closing quotation mark, “like this,” rather than after, “like this”. This traditional style has persisted even though it’s no longer universally followed outside of the United States and isn’t entirely logical.

The other standard marks of sentence punctuation—semicolons, colons, question marks, exclamation points, and dashes—go before or after a closing quotation mark depending on whether they belong with the quoted matter or with the surrounding text (see CMOS 6.9 and 6.10).

Why are commas and periods exempt from this logic?

To learn more, let’s examine the origins of Chicago’s rule—and how it took shape in the face of an emerging “British style” across the Atlantic.

Chicago v. Oxford

If you examine works published in English before 1905, you will find a near-universal placement of commas and periods before a closing quotation mark, whether single or double. This was a matter of custom, but that custom was about to change.

As I’ve suggested elsewhere, Horace Hart’s Rules for Compositors and Readers (published by Oxford University Press and available today as New Hart’s Rules) is to British publishers as The Chicago Manual of Style is to publishers in the United States. Each got its start in the 1890s as the house style guide for a major university press. And each was made available to the public for the first time a little more than a decade after that—1904 for Hart’s Rules, 1906 for Chicago.

Until 1905, Oxford University Press and the University of Chicago Press handled quotation marks in mostly the same way, with one significant difference: Oxford used single quotation marks, reserving double quotation marks for quotes within quotes; Chicago took the opposite approach.

This ‘single’/“double” distinction continues to be observed today.* The placement of commas and periods, however, was in flux.

“According to the Sense”: Hart’s Rules, 1904

In 1904, when Hart’s Rules was first offered for sale to the public, it went through four editions. The last of these, published in July 1904 (as the 18th ed., or 4th for publication), suggested one rule for commas and periods while following another:

Quotation Marks.—Single ‘quotes’ to be used for the first quotation; then double for a quotation within a quotation. . . . All marks of punctuation used with words in inverted commas,† or with words within parentheses, must be placed according to the sense. (p. 36)

Right, except for one crucial detail. Commas and periods in that edition of Hart’s Rules weren’t at all placed according to the sense, as a look through its text will show. In the following facsimile from the eighteenth edition, of a passage warning against the misuse of Latin plural forms, note the placement of the period relative to the closing quotation mark after “Erratum” (p. 38):

Obviously, readers are not being advised to change “Errata” to “Erratum.”—literally—with a period at the end of the word. On the contrary, Hart’s Rules was simply following the typographic convention of its day, while hinting elsewhere (with the phrase “placed according to the sense”) that there might be a problem with that same convention.

This discrepancy would not survive for long. In the very next edition, published in July 1905, the phrase “according to the sense” would appear in italics (lest anyone miss it), and the text would be edited to follow its own advice (as we’ll see in the next section):

All signs of punctuation used with words in quotation marks must be placed according to the sense. If an extract ends with a point, then let that point be, as a rule, included before the closing quotation mark; but not otherwise. This is an important direction for the compositor to bear in mind. (p. 43)

The meaning of “point” here is any mark of punctuation—including commas and periods; a period in British English is also called a full point (or full stop). This is no change from the advice in the previous edition, which (as quoted above) applied to “all marks of punctuation.”

But this time, Hart would make sure that his guide was printed according to his word.

“A Bad Practice”: Hart’s Rules, 1905

I can only imagine the debates leading up to the 1905 nineteenth edition of Hart’s Rules—particularly relative to commas and periods with quotation marks. Whatever occurred, Hart was moved to add a two-page defense of the applicable rule (in the 18th ed., the advice on quotation marks had taken up all of three sentences):

When either a comma or a full point is required at the end of a quotation, the almost universal custom at the present time is for the printer to include that comma or full point within the quotation marks at the end of an extract, whether it forms part of the original extract or not. . . . There seems to be no reason for perpetuating a bad practice. So, unless the author wishes to have it otherwise, in all new works the compositor should place full points and commas according to the examples which follow:—

We need not ‘follow a multitude to do evil’.
No one should ‘follow a multitude to do evil’, as the Scripture says.
Do not ‘follow a multitude to do evil’; on the contrary, do what is right.

And proceed in the same manner with other marks of punctuation. (pp. 44–45)

The rest, as they say, is history. Or was it?

“A Rule without Exception”: Chicago, 1906

When the first edition of Chicago’s competing guide went on sale to the public—in 1906, as Manual of Style—the quotation marks were double, and the commas and periods went inside. So did semicolons, but not colons (the numbers refer to sections in the Manual):

113. Put the period inside the quotation marks. (This is a rule without exception.)

123. The colon should be placed outside the quotation marks, unless a part of the quotation.

127. The semicolon is always placed inside the quotation marks.

146. The comma is always placed inside the quotation marks.

By 1910, when the second edition of the Manual was published, Chicago’s editors had changed their minds about the semicolon, borrowing instead from the rule for colons:

140. The semicolon should be placed outside the quotation marks, unless a part of the quotation.

But why? Isn’t a semicolon just a fancy hybrid, stronger than a comma but weaker than a period?

“For Appearance’ Sake”: Chicago, 1937

The reason for Chicago’s continued exception for commas and periods alone would become evident, but not until 1937, when the tenth edition of the Manual was published:

133. The period is placed inside the quotation marks for appearance’ sake. . . .

Tennyson’s “In Memoriam.”
Put the period inside the quotation marks. (This is a rule without exception.)

The rule for periods is still “a rule without exception,” as it was in 1906—but this time the reminder is in italics, a bit of emphasis that echoes Hart’s own insistence in 1905 on the opposite principle. Just as interesting are those three words of explanation that precede the example: “for appearance’ sake.”

What does that mean?

Punctuating at the Baseline

Whereas colons and semicolons rise to the level of lowercase letters (question marks and exclamation points are even taller), commas and periods hug the baseline. Quotation marks, on the other hand, float in the ether, aligning themselves near the tops of the capital letters.

So when a comma or a period precedes a quotation mark, it tends to appear as much below the mark as to its left, particularly in the proportional typefaces used for most published works since Gutenberg and now the default in everything from text-messaging apps to word processors.

Here’s a screenshot from my computer. Thanks to the style sheets working in the background, the text approximates the well-kerned appearance of proportional fonts in modern published works:

That’s only Microsoft Word, using the default Calibri font with kerning turned on (under Font > Advanced > Character Spacing). A design professional using a program like Adobe InDesign would do even better.

But notice how the commas and the period in the example of Chicago style appear consistently right next to the words they follow (test, know, life), creating a pleasing uniformity along the baseline. In British style, placement is interrupted by the quotation marks, though the gap is smaller than it would be with double rather than single marks.

Which style do you prefer?

Fortunately, neither one is the very last word on the matter.

Fictional Dialogue, Where the Styles Converge

Of the two styles, Chicago is the easier one to apply. Neither writers nor their editors have to stop to determine in each case whether a comma or period belongs to the quoted text or to the surrounding context. That’s a real advantage in works that contain a lot of dialogue.

Take these two sentences, for example:

This is a test, so pay attention.
Punctuation is the key to everything.

Now turn them into dialogue:

Chicago style:
“This is a test,” he said, “so pay attention.”
“Punctuation,” I answered, “is the key to everything.”

British style, standard:
‘This is a test,’ he said, ‘so pay attention.’
‘Punctuation’, I answered, ‘is the key to everything.’

British style, fiction:
‘This is a test,’ he said, ‘so pay attention.’
‘Punctuation,’ I answered, ‘is the key to everything.’

Did you pass the test?

You get some credit for noticing the single versus double quotation marks. But you get full credit if you noticed that in the second line of the “standard” British-style example, the first comma (the one after the word “Punctuation”) follows the closing quotation mark.

If you didn’t notice this right away, don’t worry. It may be true that the comma in the second sentence doesn’t belong to the quoted dialogue—it has been added only to facilitate the interruption by the narrator, as you can tell by looking at the original sentence—but who cares?

No one does, apparently.

So British style makes an exception for fictional dialogue, and that’s a good thing. No editor wants to wade through the thousands of lines of dialogue typical of a conventionally written novel to figure out in each case whether a comma would be needed without the narrative interruption. Especially not if readers won’t benefit from that work.

As for periods, they pose less of a problem, at least for complete sentences. It’s only with quoted words and phrases that the distinction begins to matter—but even then, how important is it?

If the Rule Doesn’t Fit, Break It

Neither system is perfect. Chicago’s may be easier to use, but it sometimes results in ambiguity. When I talk about “punctuation,” it’s understood that I am not talking about the word punctuation followed by a comma. But if I were to ask you to type the word “punctuation”, I might want to make it perfectly clear that you are not to type the comma also.

Exceptions like that one are rare in most contexts, but if your text depends on that level of precision, by all means break the rule, as I just did—and point to CMOS 7.79 to defend your choice.

* But not without exceptions. British newspapers, for example, often use double quotation marks.

† In Hart’s Rules, quotation marks were also referred to as inverted commas, a term that is still used today. But note that in most modern typefaces only the opening mark is an inverted comma; the closing mark consists of a comma oriented normally. Both marks are raised above the baseline.

~ ~ ~

Russell Harper (@cpyeditor) is editor of The Chicago Manual of Style Online Q&A and was the principal reviser of the last two editions of The Chicago Manual of Style. He also contributed to the revisions of the last two editions of Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.